水体表面微层中酞酸酯的光降解研究

研究了水体表面微层中酞酸酯化合物光降解的动力学,指出光催化降解符合一级动力学过程,实验证明：催化剂ＴｉＯ２为２ｇ．ｌ＾－１,ｐＨ为６,并有Ｈ２Ｏ２存在时,是ＤＢＰ,ＤＥＨＰ光降解的最佳条件,溶解氧增加有利于光降解,实际表面微层水样的光催化降解速率比模拟水样快。     

云南墨江金矿床成矿作用探讨

云南墨江金矿床位于“三江”褶皱带哀牢山板块结合带北段的墨江 -九甲断裂带中。矿体分布于金厂超基性岩体西侧的金厂组烂山段含火山物质的硅质岩、变余粉砂岩和板岩中 ,矿体由含金石英脉、含金硅质岩组成 ,金矿体受层位和岩性控制。在矿区还分布晚于金矿化形成的镍矿体。金镍矿体共同存在于同一矿区 ,矿区围岩蚀变种类多 ,与金矿化有关的围岩蚀变主要有硅化、黄铁矿化等。矿体的空间分布与穿插关系表明 ,金成矿作用开始于晚三叠世以前。含金硅质岩具有沉积作用形成的地质特征 ,其稀土元素、氧、硅同位素地球化学特征与热水沉积作用形成的硅质岩一致 ;含金石英脉的矿物组成、结构和构造特征、稀土元素、硅同位素、微量元素组成与含金硅质岩相似 ,可能与硅质岩具有相似物质来源或形成作用。金矿石中金与镍、铬等元素的相关性很低。推断金矿床成矿作用可能开始于中石炭世含金硅质岩的热水沉积作用 ,在早三叠世以前 ,成矿热液通过充填和交代作用在硅质岩和上部的岩石中形成含金石英脉。后来的区域变质作用、超基性岩自变质作用及镍矿化作用可能使金矿体的金含量提高 ,但没有产生具有工业意义的独立金矿化。     

有机膨润土吸附对硝基苯酚的性能及其在水处理中的应用初探

分别用溴化十六烷基三甲铵（ＣＴＭＡＢ）和氯化十六烷基吡啶（ＣＰＣ）改性膨润土，研究了制备有机膨润土的适宜条件及其对吸附对对硝基苯酚性能的影响。２５℃时，ＣＴＭＢ－膨润土和ＣＰＣ－膨润土对对硝基苯酚的饱和吸附量分别为４７５ｍｇ／ｇ，远大于原土的饱和吸附量（１２５ｍｇ／ｇ）。ｐＨ〉７时，有机膨润土吸附处理对硝基苯酚的去除率都在８５％以上，比原土的去除率（８．６％）大９倍，通过Ｘ－衍射、红外光谱分析、比     

Performance, microbial community and inhibition kinetics of long-term Cu2+ stress on an air-lift nitritation reactor with self-recirculation

Biological nitrogen removal process could be affected due to the presence of heavy metals owing to their toxicity and accumulation in the sludge.In this study,the impact of Cu~(2+)shock on a long-term nitritation operation was investigated in an air-lift reactor with selfrecirculation.Both the dynamics of microbial community and inhibition kinetics under Cu~(2+) stress were ascertained.The results showed that Cu~(2+) exerted severe inhibition on nitritation performance of an air-lift reactor(ALR) at 25 mg/L.The corresponding NH_4~+-N removal efficiency decreased to below 50%,which was mainly due to the variation of microbial community structure,especially the inhibition of nitrifiers like Nitrosomonas(the relative abundance decreased from 30% to 1% after Cu~(2+)inhibition).Kinetic parameters were obtained and compared after fitting the Haldane model.The long-term Cu~(2+) stress on the ALR aggravated the ammonium affinity and the resistance to substrate self-inhibition of the nitritation sludge,but reduced the resistance to Cu~(2+) inhibition.Furthermore,Cu~(2+)acted as uncompetitive inhibitor on nitritation process.Our results provide new insights into the nitritation characteristics under long-term Cu~(2+) stress.     

模拟酸雨对福州平原水稻田土壤化学结合态有机碳含量的影响

为阐明酸雨对水稻田土壤化学结合态有机碳含量的影响,以福州平原水稻田为研究对象,在早稻和晚稻生长期中,设置对照(CK)、模拟pH=2.5、pH=3.5、pH=4.5酸雨处理,对酸雨影响下福州平原水稻田土壤化学结合态有机碳含量进行了测定与分析.结果表明,酸雨作用下早、晚稻土壤有机碳(SOC)含量介于13.40～20.17 g·kg~(-1),与土壤全氮(TN)含量显著正相关(p0.01);各处理下早稻田SOC含量均低于晚稻田,且早稻田土壤各处理间SOC含量差异不显著(p0.05),其中,晚稻CK、pH=2.5和pH=3.5处理的SOC含量与早稻差异显著(p0.05),酸雨处理均高于CK(p0.05).早、晚稻土壤Ca-SOC含量介于0.31～0.42 g·kg~(-1),早稻期间pH=2.5处理中Ca-SOC含量与其他处理差异明显(p0.05).早、晚稻土壤Fe(Al)-SOC含量介于2.90～4.64 g·kg~(-1),早稻各处理间差异不显著(p0.05),而晚稻各处理间差异显著(p0.05).相比之下,晚稻残渣态-SOC含量显著高于早稻(p0.05),酸雨处理显著高于CK(p0.05),且pH=2.5处理含量最高,均值为(15.21±0.37) g·kg~(-1),而早稻各处理残渣态-SOC含量差异不显著(p0.05).此外,早、晚稻SOC与Fe(Al)-SOC、残渣态-SOC之间均具有显著正相关关系(p0.01),早稻残渣态-SOC、晚稻Fe(Al)-SOC与土壤TN显著正相关(p0.01).综上所述,酸雨通过提高晚稻SOC和Fe(Al)-SOC含量,进而增强土壤碳库稳定性,促进有机碳的积累.     

Preface

正Air pollution as well as climate change and their possible effects on the environment,ecosystems and human health,are pressing challenges.Nowadays,it is clear that sustainable societal development cannot remain solely wealth-oriented,but must take into account the present and future environmental issues.However,this approach is possible only if scientifically sound knowledge in all environmental areas becomes available to our societies and decision makers,which requires a firm     

The gap report of global climate change mitigation,finance, and governance after the United States declared its withdrawal from the Paris Agreement

On 1 June 2017, the US President Donald Trump officially announced the withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, thus the study on the reasons of withdrawal, the potential impacts, and coping strategies has become a focus among policy circles and of the international community. Based on the self-developed US Policy Assessment Model, this paper systematically evaluates the three potential “major deficits” in terms of mitigation, climate finance, and global climate governance, as a result of the US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement and puts forward policy suggestions for coping with such transformations accordingly. The study shows that the United States ’withdrawal from the Paris Agreement will affect the existence and implementation of successive climate policies and result in an additional 8.8–13.4% increase in the global emissions reduction deficit. The United States’ withdrawal will also deteriorate the existing climate finance mechanism. The Green Climate Fund (GCF)’s funding gap will increase by US$2 billion, while the gap of long-term climate finance will increase by about US$5 billion a year. Either the China–EU or the “BASIC plus” mechanism could fill the governance deficit caused by the United States and the lack of political momentum may continue for a while in the future.     

大气气溶胶酸度的研究进展

大气气溶胶的环境效应、气候效应和健康效应均与气溶胶的物理化学性质直接相关,其中大气气溶胶酸度是其重要的性质之一。大气气溶胶酸度对酸沉降、灰霾的形成具有重要作用,并影响大气非均相化学反应,相关研究已成为国际研究的热点。对国内外学者近年来在大气气溶胶酸度对大气环境与人体健康的影响、大气气溶胶酸度的影响因素与变化规律、大气气溶胶酸度/酸化缓冲能力的测定与计算方法、大气气溶胶酸性成分采集系统等方面的研究进展作了较系统的综述,并对大气气溶胶酸度研究未来的发展进行了展望。     

Air pollution and hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections among children in Ningbo,China: A time-series analysis

Acute upper and lower respiratory infections are main causes of mortality and morbidity in children. Air pollution has been recognized as an important contributor to development and exacerbation of respiratory infections. However, few studies are available in China. In this study, we investigated the short-term effect of air pollution on hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections among children under 15 years in Ningbo, China. Poisson generalized models were used to estimate the associations between air pollution and hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections adjusted for temporal, seasonal, and meteorological effects. We found that four pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and SO₂) were significantly associated with hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections. The effect estimates for acute upper respiratory infections tended to be higher (PM_2.5 ER = 3.46, 95% CI 2.18, 4.76; PM₁₀ ER = 2.81, 95% CI 1.93, 3.69; NO₂ ER = 11.27, 95% CI 8.70, 13.89; SO₂ ER = 15.17, 95% CI 11.29, 19.19). Significant associations for gaseous pollutants (NO₂ and SO₂) were observed after adjustment for particular matter. Stronger associations were observed among older children and in the cold period. Our study suggested that short-term exposure to outdoor air pollution was associated with hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections in Ningbo.     

锌离子慢性暴露对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪生长发育的影响

为评价水域环境中Zn~(2+)对两栖动物的毒性影响,本研究以中华大蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)蝌蚪为试验材料,对G26期蝌蚪进行了0、10、50、100和500μg·L~(-1)Zn~(2+)的慢性水体暴露直至蝌蚪发育至变态高峰期(G42期)。分别于暴露15 d和30 d后取样测定蝌蚪全长、体长、体重和发育分期各指标;此外,分析了Zn~(2+)慢性水体暴露对变态率、变态高峰期(G42)蝌蚪的全长、体长、体重、后肢长和骨骼发育的影响。结果表明:暴露15 d时,各浓度Zn~(2+)对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的生长发育均未造成显著影响,而持续暴露30 d后,500μg·L~(-1)Zn~(2+)处理组蝌蚪的生长发育受到显著抑制;各浓度Zn~(2+)慢性暴露均导致中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪变态率的下降,其中500μg·L~(-1)Zn~(2+)处理组的变态率最低;500μg·L~(-1)Zn~(2+)慢性暴露导致G42期中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的形态指标(全长、体长、后肢长)和骨化程度均受到显著抑制。研究表明,水环境中高浓度锌对中华大蟾蜍幼体的生长发育和变态具有潜在的危害,水域锌污染所引发的毒理效应予以重视。